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CONTENTS

1. What is dam

2. Classification of dams

3. The Environment impact of large dams

4. The Enviourment consequences of big dams

5. Large dams vs. Small dams

6. Advantage of dams

7. Disadvantage of dams

8. Example of Mega dams (Tehri dam)

9. Conclusion

Mega Dams and Environment

(A) What is dam ?

A Barrier constructed to hold back water and raise its level , forming a reserviour or as a water supply.

A dam is a barrier that stops or restricts the flow of water or underground streams reserviour created by dams not only suppress floods but also provide water for activity such as irrigation and navigation ,human consumption industrial use, agriculture and naviagablity hydropower is after ised om conjuction , with dam to generate electricity

A dam can also use to collect water or for storage of water which can be evenly distributed between locations dams generally serve one primary purpose of retaining water while other structure such as flood gates or leves are used to manage or prevent water flow into specific and reagion .

Classification of dams

a. By structure :-

1.arch- gravity dams

2. gravity dams

3. Barrage dams

1.Gravity dams- In a gravity dams one force that holds one dam in place against the push from the water carth’s gravity pulling down on down mass of the dam .

By size :- Interactional standards (Interactional commission on large dams ICOLD) define large dams as higher that 15m and major dams as over 150m. in height .

The report of the world commission on dams also include in the large category dams such as barrages which are between 5 and 15m. high with a seservoir capacity of more that 3 million cubic meters (2.400) acre.

The toilet dam in the world is the 300 meter high (980) ft. nurek dam in tajakistan.

* By use

a. weir overflow dam

b. Chek dam : small dam

c. Dry down

d. Under water dam

The enviourment impact of dams

land and water are ecological linked in a natural system called a watershed from the smallest droplet to this mightiest and in most cases eventually to the sea so too is the river a product of the land it inhabits the type of rock and soil . the shape of the land and the amount of vegetation are some of the factors that determine the river’s shape size and flow.

When these ties between the land and the river are broken by a large dams the consequences are felt throughout the watershed as well as by the web of life it supports of all the ways to tamper with or harm a river a large dam usually has the most immediate and afat – reaching effects because of the huge changes it causes to river hydrology .its very circulation system .

The enviourment consequence of Big dams

1. Althought the impact of large of dams have been well documented for some now in case after case new ones are proposed whose enviourment impacts are downplayed or even ignored . a 1990 internal survey of world bank hydroelectric dam project showed that 58% were planned and built without any consideration of downstreams impact even when these impacts could be predicted to cause massive coastal erosion pollution and other problems.

Large dams vs. small dams

1 The idea that large dam shave a larger environment impact stems from the fact that large dam generally ae a larger footprint for barth structure and reservoir .

Because of their purpose ,sevion of small dam often result in more stream flow being diverted from the river river than is the case with a large dam .

Hydro electricity generated by hydropower Ex. The production or power through use of the gravitational force of falling or flown water. It is the most widely used form of renewable energy produces no direct waste, and has a considerably lower output level of the greenhouse gas Co₂ than fossil fuel powered energy plants worldwide hydropower approximately 19% of the world’s electricity (up from 16% in 2003) accunted for over 63% of electricity from renewable sources.

Idusrtrial hydro-electric plant :-

While many hydroelectric projects supply public electricity network same are created to serve specific industrial enterprises.

Small – scale hydro-electricity plants:-

Althought large hydroelectricity insallations generally most of the world’s hydroelectricity some situations require small hydro plants.

These are defined as plants producing up to 10Mega watts, or projects up to 30 megawatts in north America . a small hydro plant may be connected to a distribution grid or may provide power only to an isolated community or a single Home.

Advantage :- the upper reservoir and dam of the festiniog pumped storage scheme 360 megawatts of electricity can be generated within 60 seconds of the need arising.

Economics :- the major advantages of hydroelectricity is eliminating of the cost of fuel the cost of operating a hydroelectricity plant is nearly immune do increase in the cost id fossil fuels such as oil ,natural gas or coal, no imports are needed.

Green house gas emissions:- Since hydroelectricity dams do not burn fossil fuels they not directly produce corbon di-oxide while some Co₂ is produced during manufactures and constructed of the projects this is a tiny fraction of the operating emission if equivalent fossil –fuel electricity generation.

Related activities:- Reservoir created by hydroelectricity schemes often provide facilities for water sports , and become tourist attraction in themselves .In some countries aquaculture in reservoirs is common multi use dams installed for irrigation is common. Multi –use dams installed for irrigation supports agriculture with a relatively constant water supply large dams can control floods which would otherwise affects dams can control floods which would otherwise effects people living .

Downstream of the projects

Disadvantage of dams

Environment damages:-

1. Population relocation-(socio - economic effect)

2. Dam failure - (situation)

3. Effect by flow storage

Example of mega dams

a. Tehri dam

b. narmada dam.

Tehri dam

Tehri dam is the primary dam of the the Tehri development project a major hydroelectric project centered near Tehri in the state of Uttrakhand in India located on the river of Bhagirathi the tehri dam has a height of 855 feet (261meter) making it the 5^th tallest dam in the world . the dam intended capacities include a power generation capacity of 2400 MW, provision of irrigation to an area of 270,000 hectare ,and a supply of 270,illoin gallon of drinking water per day to the indusrial areas of Delhi, U.p and uttrakhand.

1.tehri dam project was approved in 1972.

2.contruction started in 1978.

3.complited in 1996.

4.Clanue of last two month Dec. 2002.

5.projected completion Aug. 2003.

Projects benefits:

1. Final installed capacity of 2000MW.

(only phase 1 with installed capacity of 1000 MW has seen approved )

2. Additional irrigation to 270,000 hectares.

3. Stabilization to ensuring irrigation on 600,000 hectares.

4. 270million gallon of drinking water per day to uttrakhand U.p and delhi.

‘’this is a dam built with our treas” Tehri development project also included the 37meter high koteswar dam under construction 14miles dam stream of Tehri dam. 400MW. Koteswar dam will either completely or or pailially sutomage 16 villages.

Conclusion

· Should Hydropower be used ?

Yes! Due to the fact that the world is now looking for alternate sources of energy and given the fact that hydropower is a type of clean energy that uses limited resources.

However changes has to be made towards the system for it to have less disadvantages as mentioned.

* quote *

This is a dam built with our Tears:-“Sunderlal bahuguna”

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